Since 2004 historian and underwater explorer Dr. Jack Hardy has presented richly-illustrated talks on 65 different topics on 63 cruises. As a diver and underwater photographer, his enrichment talks draw on first-hand encounters with the underwater world and the history of ocean exploration. His many destination-specific talks focus on the history and culture of many popular cruise ship destinations from the Baltic to the Mediterranean, and South America.

At the age of 13 Dr. Jack Hardy read a recently published book called "The Silent World" by Jacques Cousteau. Totally enthralled by the possibilities of underwater exploration, he purchased one of the first commercially-available "Aqua Lungs" and began diving. Fascinated with the great variety of marine creatures, he decided to pursue a career in marine biology.

He is the author of several books including "Climate Change: Causes, Effects, and Solutions" and over one hundred other publications dealing with coral reefs, marine pollution, and climate change. Jack is an Elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and has served as a consultant on marine environmental issues to numerous organizations including the European Commission, the U.S. National Science Foundation, NASA, the National Academy of Sciences, and several United Nations agencies and national governments. He founded and developed one of the Pacific Northwest's leading renewable energy companies.

His overseas experience includes two years as a U.S. Peace Corps Volunteer in Micronesia, four years teaching in the Middle East, and travel in over 110 countries. Jack is an avid skier, SCUBA diver, and bicyclist.

Click here to visit Jack's website >> www.www.cruiseshiplectures.org

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DESTINATION AND HISTORY TALKS PRESENTED

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1. The Panama Canal: Past, Present, and Future. The potential for a shorter sea route between the Atlantic and Pacific through Panama was recognized several hundred years ago. A failed French attempt to build a sea-level canal was followed by American success with a lock-canal which opened in 1914. Today, the canal is a vital artery of international trade, with nearly 14,000 ships travelling through every year. A major expansion to handle very large ships is currently under construction. The Panama Canal represents one of the greatest engineering achievements of all time.

2. Who Discovered America? For millions of years humans inhabited Africa, Asia, and Europe, but were absent in the Americas. There are many theories about who first “discovered” America. In addition to Christopher Columbus, research now reveals there may have been many who came before.

3. The Ancient City of Ephesus. Humans inhabited Ephesus from the Stone Age until about 500 years ago. For most of that time (about 1500 years) it was a thriving Greek city and its buildings and temples were among the wonders of the ancient world. During the Roman Period Ephesus grew rapidly into one of the largest and most important centers of the Mediterranean – second only to Rome. Ephesus was also an important center for Early Christianity. Today Ephesus remains as a well-preserved archeological site. It includes a large Roman amphitheater, a gladiators' graveyard, and the famed Library of Celsus.

4. Rome: The Eternal City. From a small village in the 7th Century BC Rome grew to become the center of a great empire, a focus of renaissance art and architecture, and finally the capital of a unified Italy. Today, with numerous Parks, piazzas, fountains, museums, magnificent buildings of the former Empire, and great restaurants and shops – Rome is a fascinating and indeed Eternal City.

5. Florence: Birthplace of the Renaissance. Florence, established as a Roman outpost in 80 BC, survived floods and the plague, and to become a great crucible of the Renaissance. Today, Florence is a UNESCO World Heritage Site with some of the most magnificent buildings and works of art of any city in the world.

6. Marseille: Past and Present. Learn how this city, founded in 600 BC as a Greek trading colony, became an important city in the Roman Empire, and grew to become a major modern commercial port. Discover its numerous scenic and historic sites, and its excellent shops and restaurants.

7. Rhodes. The Medieval Old Town of the City of Rhodes has been declared a World Heritage Site and is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Europe. High rise hotels line the northern and eastern coastlines. Small villages and resorts dot the island's other shores. Whether your interests are beaches, shopping, or history and ancient archeological sites, Rhodes offers an abundance of all. Authentic Greece can be found in the hilly interior of the 50-mile-long island.

8. Malta. Malta has been inhabited since approximately 5900 BC. Its location in the center of the Mediterranean has given it great strategic importance as a naval base. Throughout history a succession of powers contested and ruled the islands. The city of Valetta is now a protected UNESCO World Heritage Site offering magnificent Baroque architecture, great shopping opportunities, and fine restaurants.

9. Istanbul: Vibrant Crossroad between Europe and Asia. Istanbul, with a population of over 14 million, straddles the Bosporus with the historical and commercial center in Europe and about 1/3 of its population in Asia. It was founded around 660 BC as Byzantium. After its reestablishment as Constantinople in 330 AD, it served as the capital of the Roman, Byzantine, Latin, and Ottoman Empires. Istanbul is the fifth most popular tourist destination in the world, with more than 11 million visitors each year. The city's historic center is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Highlights include Hagia Sophia, the Blue Mosque, the Basilica Cistern, the Grand Bazaar and Topkapi Palace. Across the city's natural harbor, the Golden Horn, lies the Beyoðlu district – the city’s commercial, cultural and entertainment center.

10. Were Crete and Santorini the Center of an Ancient Superpower? Europe’s first advanced civilization, the Minoans, emerged on Crete and Santorini 7,000 to 5,000 years ago. The Minoans became a major maritime global power with colonies from the Middle East to Northern Europe, and possibly North America. They disappeared suddenly about 1450 BC after the volcanic eruption of Thera. Considerable evidence now suggests the Minoans were the source for the legend of Atlantis. Today Crete and Santorini offer some of the most gorgeous scenery and most impressive archeological sites anywhere.

11. Lisbon: City of Light. Possibly the oldest city in Europe, Lisbon’s history includes Phoenician, Roman, Moorish, and Crusader periods. Today, it serves as the political, economic, and cultural center of Portugal. From hillsides that overlook the Rio Tejo, Lisbon offers gothic cathedrals, majestic monasteries and quaint museums as part of the sun-lit white cityscape.

12. Cadiz: City Built by Silver. Founded by Phoenician traders, Cádiz is generally considered to be the oldest continuously-inhabited settlement in Europe. From here Columbus sailed to the New World and Spanish treasure ships returned with unimaginable quantities of gold and silver. The old town is characterized by narrow streets, connecting squares (plazas), city walls, beautiful beaches, and seafood restaurants.

13. Gibraltar: Fortress between the Seas. With its strategic location between the Mediterranean and Atlantic “The Rock” or “Pillars of Hercules” has a long, rich, and important place in world history.

14. Barcelona: The City of Gaudi. With its rich history and cultural heritage, its unique architecture and art, its beautiful beaches, and its fine shops and restaurants – Barcelona shines as a gem of the Mediterranean.

15. Troy: 4,000 Years of History. Troy is one of the most famous archaeological sites in the world. The first excavations at the site were undertaken by the famous archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann in 1870. In scientific terms, its extensive remains are the most significant demonstration of the first contact between the civilizations of Anatolia and the Mediterranean world. Moreover, the siege of Troy by Spartan and Achaean warriors from Greece in the 13th or 12th century B.C., immortalized by Homer in the Iliad, has inspired great creative artists throughout the world ever since.

16. Stockholm: Beauty by the Water. Stockholm, founded in the 13th century, was under Danish control during the 15th century; was liberated by Gustav Vasa in the 16th century; and became a world power in the 17th Century. Today, Stockholm offers many outstanding attractions for the visitor including beautiful waterways, bridges, sidewalk cafes, and great castles and museums.

17. Helsinki: The Enlightened City. Helsinki was established as a trading town by King Gustav I of Sweden in 1550. It endured tumultuousness times during the first half of the 20th century, but continued its steady development. Learn why Helsinki is one of the most livable cities in the world, and why Finland’s achievements in education have other nations doing their homework.

18. Saint Petersburg: The First 200 Years. This is the story of one of the world’s most magnificent cities. It was founded in 1703 by Peter the Great and during the 18th and 19th centuries grew into the capital of a great empire and the largest nation on Earth.

19. Saint Petersburg: The Last 200 Years. During the 19th century the Russian Empire saw the beginnings of what would later become a massive social upheaval. In 1917 the city was at the heart of a new world-changing political revolution. It survived a 20th century marked by social upheaval, famine, disease, and three devastating wars. Today St Petersburg shines like a magnificent gem overlooking the Neva River and the Baltic Sea.

20. Saint Petersburg Today. St Petersburg (population about 4.8 million) is one of the most beautiful and historic cities of Europe. Beautiful canals and waterways have given it the name “The Venice of the North.” Its many attractions include ornate palaces, incredible art museums, historical monuments, and magnificent architecture.

21. Wonderful Copenhagen. Copenhagen (population almost 2 million) was founded as a Viking fishing village in the 10th century. It survived centuries of strife, plague, and two world wars. The amusement park of Tivoli Gardens, outstanding museums, and one of the largest and oldest pedestrian shopping streets (the Strøget) make Copenhagen a beautiful and exciting destination.

22. Venice: City of Water. Learn how this early center of commerce, art, and music is dealing with both the huge growth in tourism and the threat of rising water levels. Explore its main attractions and the reasons why it has been called “the most beautiful city built by man”.

23. Game of Thrones: Dubrovnik through the Ages. Dubrovnik served as the capital of the powerful Republic of Ragusa for 450 years, eventually became part of Yugoslavia, and now Croatia. This beautiful ancient walled city is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

24. The Opium Wars: China’s Century of Humiliation. The Opium Wars in the mid-19th century were a critical juncture in modern Chinese history. China lost both wars. The terms of its defeat were a bitter pill to swallow. The lesson that Chinese students learn today about the Opium Wars is that China should never again let itself become weak, ‘backward,’ and vulnerable to other countries.

25. China and the Discovery of America. The discovery of America by the Vikings and later by Columbus may have been superseded by much earlier Chinese expeditions. Jack Hardy examines evidence that the Pacific Coast of America was explored by Chinese monks around 458 AD and again by the “Starfleet” of Admiral Zheng He around 1421.

26. Amelia Earhart: Mystery Solved? At a young age Amelia Earhart set many records for long distance flights and pioneered the place for women in aviation. Her disappearance in 1937, during her attempted around-the-world flight, has remained one of the greatest mysteries of the 20th Century. New evidence now suggests some surprising answers to this mystery.

27. 19th Century Struggles for Independence in South America. In the early 1800s numerous voices called for the liberation of South America from the colonial domination of Spain. Venezuelan leader Simón Bolívar liberated and, for a time, ruled over a vast territory from the Argentine border to the Caribbean Sea. Bolívar is viewed as a national hero in much of modern South America, along with José de San Martín, Francisco de Miranda and others.

28. Darwin in South America. During the voyage of the British survey ship HMS Beagle a young Charles Darwin explored the geology and wildlife in many areas of South America, including the Galapagos Islands. His observations in South America were crucial to his later formulation of the theory of evolution.

29. Ottomans: Rise and Fall of a Great Sea Power. From the time of the crusades through the 19th century, European States were locked in a crucial contest with the Ottoman Empire to control the Mediterranean and Black Seas. Decisive clashes of naval forces often determined the shifts of power between these two civilizations.

30. Were Crete and Santorini the Center of an Ancient Superpower? Europe’s first advanced civilization, the Minoans, emerged on Crete and Santorini more than 5,000 years ago. They disappeared suddenly about 1450 BC after the volcanic eruption of Thera. Considerable evidence now suggests that the Minoans were the source for the legend of Atlantis.

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MARINE LIFE AND OCEAN EXPLORATION TALKS PRESENTED

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31. Tales from My Years Exploring the Underwater World. Dr. Jack Hardy began exploring the underwater world at age 14. This talk describes Jack’s many experiences as a diver, underwater photographer, ocean explorer, and award-winning globally-recognized marine research scientist.

32. Ancient Shipwrecks and Sunken Cities: The Eastern Mediterranean and Black Sea. The sea floor of the Mediterranean and Black Seas provides valuable clues about several ancient civilizations. Modern technology allows underwater archeologists to locate and map shipwrecks and submerged cities and document the rise and fall of early civilizations.

33. Marine Life of the Mediterranean. The Mediterranean Sea provides a wide range of habitats for a rich variety of marine species. Since ancient times, people have harvested these plants and animals for food, medicine, and a variety of other uses. Human activities now threaten this unique ecosystem, however conservation efforts are underway.

34. Marine Biology of the Black Sea. The Black Sea is an enclosed fairly shallow sea with a unique environment. It formerly supported a rich variety of plants and animals, but the ecosystem has been drastically altered by a variety of human impacts. Nutrient enrichment has caused massive blooms of plankton ultimately resulting in oxygen-depleted areas unable to support fish and shellfish.

35. Wildlife of the Mississippi Delta. Wildlife, from exotic birds to crocodiles, exists outside the city of New Orleans in the delta of the great river that has been called the “Nile of the new world.”

36. Exploring the Underwater Caves (Cenotes) of Mexico. Mexico houses the world’s most extensive network of underwater caves. Diving explorations are leading to new understandings of how these caves were formed and the important role they played in early Mayan Civilization. These ancient caves also contain very unusual life forms. Exploration of these unique environments has only just begun.

37. Strange Creatures of the Caribbean Sea. From the seahorse to the puffer fish, scorpion fish, or sea turtle, marine creatures of the Caribbean utilize unique physical adaptations and behaviors in the struggle for survival.

38. Daredevils: Underwater Longer and Deeper. From ancient Greeks to modern deep-sea robots, humans have dared to risk their lives to salvage treasure, explore and research marine life, and wage war in the underwater world. This lecture traces the historical development of technologies which have allowed humans to dive deeper and stay down longer in the "silent world".

39. Mexico’s Pacific Marine Life. The Pacific Coast of Mexico, spanning more than 16 degrees of latitude (over 1100 miles), includes a wide range of climatic conditions, ocean currents, and coastal geology. These environments provide a rich variety of habitats for some of the most diverse and abundant communities of marine animals on Earth. Thousands of species inhabit these waters, from tiny (one inch) colorful tube worms to giant 98 foot blue whales. This talk describes just some of these creatures and the unique roles they play in the ecosystem.

40. Central America’s Pacific Marine Life. The Pacific Coast of Central America, spanning about 1800 km north-south, includes many different marine environments. These environments provide a rich variety of habitats which support some of the world’s most diverse and abundant communities of marine life. This talk describes some of these creatures and the unique roles they play in the marine ecosystems of Central America.

41. Sea Monsters: Imaginary or Real? Tales of sea monsters appear very early in recorded human history and continue to the present day. Some of the creatures described bear a striking resemblance to fossilized specimens believed to be long extinct. Modern deep-sea explorations are uncovering some very strange creatures which still live today.

42. Global Greenhouse Warming: What We Know and Don’t Know. Scientific assessments conclude that the earth’s climate is already warming and will continue to warm in response to human activities. Recent research is narrowing the uncertainty surrounding the magnitude of this change and the resultant effects on ecosystems and humans.

43. Marine Biology of the Bay of Biscay. The Bay of Biscay is a vast inlet of the Atlantic Ocean bounded on the north and east by France and on the south by Spain. It is one of Europe's last great wildernesses - a fertile marine habitat with a great variety and abundance of marine life. Abundant plankton populations make it a rich feeding ground for young larvae of anchovy, sardine, and mackerel. The Bay supports rich populations of fish, invertebrates, sea birds, and almost every whale and dolphin species found in the North Atlantic. Recently, dolphins have mysteriously declined in numbers. These and other species may be threatened by human activities, but protection measures are underway.

44. Henry the Navigator and West Africa. In the 15th Century, Prince Henrique, Duke of Viseu saw the great opportunities for opening new Portuguese trade routes, especially in West Africa. His expeditions and discoveries had profound consequences for the beginning of worldwide European exploration and trade.

45. The Barbary Pirates. From the time of the crusades until the 19th century, pirates operating from North Africa raided European ships and coastal cities in the Western Mediterranean and as far away as Iceland. Piracy grew following the Spanish conquest of Granada in 1492 which led the Moors to retaliate against Christian cities along the Spanish coast. Over several centuries more than a million Europeans were captured and sold into slavery in North Africa. From 1606 to 1616 England lost 466 merchant ships to Barbary pirates. Piracy along the Barbary Coast finally came to an end with the French conquest of Algiers in 1830.

46. Sinbad: Ancient Arab Seafaring in the Indian Ocean and Beyond. Maritime trade between the Middle East and India began in the 3rd millennium BC and in flourished in Greco-Roman Times. By the 8th century AD Arabs were regularly sailing to and trading with China. However, after the 878 AD Chinese rebellion ships from West and East generally met in Southeast Asia to trade. After 1498 Arab trade with the Far East declined as European ships began to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean and Far East.

47. Marine Life and Fisheries of the Red Sea. The Red Sea Environment is characterized by low rainfall and runoff leading to clear waters. Important coastal ecosystems include mangroves, coral reefs, and seagrass beds. Sea turtles, marine mammals and numerous fish species are abundant. Commercial fishing in the Red Sea brings in more than $130 million dollars U.S. per year. The economic and biologic value of these marine communities is becoming increasingly recognized and protected.

48. The Amazing Coral Reef. Coral reefs are the ocean’s most diverse ecosystems. Individual coral animals containing symbiotic algae grow into unique colonies. Many colonies then combine to form several characteristic large reef structures.

49. Strange Creatures of the Red Sea. Marine creatures of the Red Sea utilize unique physical adaptations and behaviors in the struggle for survival. Many strange and unique life forms inhabit the sea surface, the water column, and the bottom down to thousands of meters. Research will continue to reveal details of the life history of these creatures, and many new species will yet be discovered.

50. Marine Biology of Portugal, the Canary Islands, and Morocco. The waters and coasts of Portugal, the Canary Islands, and Morocco support abundant populations of fish, invertebrates, sea birds, and marine mammals. Upwelling currents bring cold nutrient-rich waters from the depths to the surface. The resulting blooms of plankton make it an ideal feeding ground for young larvae of anchovy, sardine, and mackerel. Marine mammals and other species are threatened by human activities, but protection measures are underway.

51. Shrinking Glaciers and Threatened Wildlife: Climate Change in Alaska and the Arctic. The world’s climate undergoes natural cycles of warming and cooling over periods of tens of thousands of years. Human activities have almost doubled the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere over the past 160 years. The rapid rate of warming during the past 100 years far exceeds that of any period in the Earth’s history. Alaska and the Arctic are warming twice as fast as the Earth as a whole. Decreases in arctic ice cover, glacier mass, permafrost, and flora and fauna are dramatic. Long-term damage can be mitigated if a variety of actions are undertaken very soon.

52. Charismatic Mega-Fauna: Marine Mammals of Alaska. Alaskan waters support at least 70 species of marine mammals. They include Cetaceans (whales, dolphins and porpoises), Pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walrus), and Fissipeds (polar bears, and sea otters). Populations often number in the tens of thousands for Cetaceans and hundreds of thousands for Pinnipeds. Populations are being monitored closely with an eye to long term sustainability.

53. Bears of Alaska. Black bears, brown bears, and polar bears each have their own unique, but sometimes overlapping habitats and ranges. Encounters between bears and humans (both positive and lethal) are on the rise. Conservation of bears (especially polar bears) is a contested political issue in Alaska. In general, bear populations in Alaska continue to thrive.

54. Danger and Dollars: Alaska’s Commercial Fisheries. Alaska supports one of the most productive commercial fishing economies in the world. It directly earns over $1 billion annually and provides over half the seafood consumed in the United States. Important types of boats and equipment include gillnetters, long-liners, purse seiners, trawlers, trollers, and crabbers. The most economically important fisheries include various species of salmon, ground-fish, and crab. Commercial fishing in Alaska is considered the deadliest occupation in the United States with a mortality rate 26 times the national average. New safety regulations and training are beginning to reduce the dangers of this commercial fishery.

55. Pirates: Ancient Egypt to Modern Somalia. Since the beginning of sea travel and maritime trade pirates have roamed the seven seas. Piracy thrived in the Mediterranean in ancient times, in the Caribbean in the 17th and 18th centuries, and in Somalia in the 21st century. What are the common factors which lead to the emergence and success of piracy?

56. The Baltic: Oceanography, Marine Biology, and Fisheries. The Baltic Sea is unique. Many major rivers empty into the Baltic, resulting in a sea which is much less saline than most of the world’s ocean. The fish fauna is a mixture of marine and freshwater species. Human activities have greatly altered the ecology of the Baltic. About one quarter of the Baltic’s seafloor is a dead zone. Conservation efforts are underway.

57. The Viking Age. From the late 8th to the mid-11th century Scandinavian explorers, warriors, merchants, and pirates raided, traded, explored and settled in wide areas of Europe, Asia and the North Atlantic. During this period, commonly known as the “Viking Age”, the Norse used their famed long ships to travel as far east as Constantinople and the Volga River in Russia, and as far west as Iceland, Greenland, and North America. This cultural Diaspora left its traces from Byzantium to Newfoundland. What factors led to the rise and then the fall of the Vikings and what is their legacy today?

58. The Tropical Pacific: Oceanography and Marine Ecology. The Pacific Ocean covers almost 1/3 of the Earth’s surface, has over 20,000 Islands, and is surrounded by the volcanic “ring of fire”. Ecosystems range from virtual deserts in open waters to some of the world’s richest systems in areas of upwelling currents or coral reefs.

59. The Incredible Mangrove. Mangroves are terrestrial plants with unique adaptations allowing them to thrive in saltwater. They stabilize coastlines, provide a habitat for a rich diversity of species, and have many direct human uses.

60. Amazon: World’s Greatest River. The Amazon Drainage Basin occupies about 40% of South America - an area the size of the United States. The Amazon River is the World’s greatest in length, navigability, and volume, carrying 20% of the Earth’s freshwater into the Atlantic Ocean. Indigenous tribes have lived in the Amazon Basin for at least 20,000 years. In the 16th to 18th centuries Europeans explored and settled Amazonia. Following Brazil’s independence from Portugal in 1824, the river became increasingly important as a major highway for trade, growth, and development. Today, large infrastructure and industrial projects compete with nature and conservation in this magnificent area.

61. Amazon: World’s Greatest Ecosystem. The Amazon Basin contains the world’s largest tropical rainforest. It is home to perhaps 30% of all the worlds’ species, including some of the most beautiful and exotic creatures known. Human impacts, including climate change and deforestation, could lead to loss of the entire rainforest and most of its species within 40 years. Brazil is greatly expanding the number and size of rainforest protected areas. Controversy and conflict continues between conservationists, government, and indigenous people.

62. Captain Cook’s Secret Voyages: The South Pacific. In 1768 the South Pacific remained a mysterious and unknown region with rumors of a “Great Southern Continent” with untold riches. British Lieutenant James Cook discovered and charted many new islands, created a detailed chart of New Zealand, and was the first to map the east coast of Australia. Cook’s first two voyages made a monumental contribution to Europe’s understanding of the Pacific and its people.

63. Captain Cook’s Secret Voyages: The North Pacific. In July, 1776 British Captain James Cook set out to return to Tahiti and explore other areas of the South Pacific. After accomplishing this, Cook revealed to his crew a secret and perhaps more important geographic target. If located it would be a valuable prize for which all the European powers were competing.

64. Climate Change: The North Atlantic and Arctic. Jack Hardy, author of the book “Climate Change: Causes, Effects, and Solutions”, describes how the earth’s climate has undergone natural cycles of warming and cooling over periods of tens of thousands of years. Today however, especially at northern latitudes, the climate is warming at an unprecedented rate in response to human activities.

65. Strange and Dangerous Marine Creatures of South Asia. Marine creatures of the Indian Ocean and SE Asia utilize unique physical adaptations and behaviors in the struggle for survival. Many strange and unique life forms inhabit the sea surface, the water column, and the bottom down to thousands of meters. Research will continue to reveal details of the life history of these creatures, and many new species will yet be discovered.

66. 19th Century Struggles for Independence in South America. In the early 1800s numerous voices called for the liberation of South America from the colonial domination of Spain. Venezuelan leader Simón Bolívar liberated and, for a time, ruled over a vast territory from the Argentine border to the Caribbean Sea. Bolívar is viewed as a national hero in much of modern South America, along with José de San Martín, Francisco de Miranda and others.

67. Amelia Earhart: Mystery Solved? At a young age Amelia Earhart set many records for long distance flights and pioneered the place for women in aviation. Her disappearance in 1937, during her attempted around-the-world flight, has remained one of the greatest mysteries of the 20th Century. New evidence now suggests some surprising answers to this mystery.

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NEWLY DEVELOPED PRESENTATIONS

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68. Pompeii and Herculaneum. In 79 AD, the bustling commercial towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum were buried under volcanic ash and pumice from the eruption of nearby Mount Vesuvius. Largely preserved under the ash, the excavated cities offer a unique snapshot of Roman life, frozen at the moment they were buried and provide an extraordinarily detailed insight into the everyday life of their inhabitants.

69. Granada: A Rich History. Lying in the beautiful foothills of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, Granada contains many examples of medieval architecture dating from the Moorish occupation (711 AD to 1492 AD). The Alhambra, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is a sprawling hilltop fortress complex which encompasses royal palaces, serene patios, and reflecting pools from the Nasrid dynasty, as well as beautiful fountains and gardens. Monuments celebrate this city where Ferdinand and Isabella granted Christopher Columbus his mandate to explore the New World.

70. Brazil: A Brief History. Indigenous tribes have lived in the Amazon Basin for at least 20,000 years. In the 16th to 18th centuries Europeans explored and settled in Brazil. Following independence from Portugal in 1824, Brazil has grown into the largest economy of South America and the eighth largest in the world.

71. The Falkland Islands: Political and Natural History. These Islands were uninhabited when discovered by Europeans. Ever since they have been a matter of controversy – being claimed, at different times, by the French, British, Spaniards and Argentines. The islands are home to an abundant wildlife especially birds, fish, and marine mammals.

72. Cape Horn and the Strait of Magellan: A Maritime History. In 1520 Ferdinand Magellan became the first European to transit the treacherous strait connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Later explorers discovered the southernmost tip of South America– Cape Horn. From the 18th to the early 20th centuries clipper ships carried much of the world's trade along this route.

73. The Natural History of Patagonia. Patagonia, at the southern end of South America, is shared by Argentina and Chile. It has been sparsely populated by humans for at least 12,000 years and was explored by Europeans in the early 16th century. It diverse landscape is home to an abundant flora and fauna including many rather unusual species. Today, its economy is based primarily on livestock, tourism, and petroleum.

74. Granada: A Rich History. Lying in the beautiful foothills of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, Granada contains many examples of medieval architecture dating from the Moorish occupation (711 AD to 1492 AD). The Alhambra, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is a sprawling hilltop fortress complex which encompasses royal palaces, serene patios, and reflecting pools from the Nasrid dynasty, as well as beautiful fountains and gardens. Monuments celebrate this city where Ferdinand and Isabella granted Christopher Columbus his mandate to explore the New World.

75. Decorative Ironwork: Myriad Uses and Limitless Designs. From the middle-ages to today the use of ornamental ironwork in architecture evolved into numerous applications and exquisitely beautiful and unique designs.

CRUISE SHIP LECTURE EXPERIENCE

1. March, 2004. Swan Hellenic - Minerva II. Panama, Costa Rica, Honduras, Guatemala, Belize, Mexico, Key West

2. February, 2006. Swan Hellenic - Minerva II. Costa Rica, Panama Canal, Honduras, Guatemala, Belize, Mexico, New Orleans

3. October, 2006. Holland America - Veendam. Barbados-Dominican Republic-USA

4. November, 2006. Holland America - Zaandam. Mexico’s Pacific Coast.

5. March, 2008. Spirit of Adventure. Pacific Coast of Central America and Panama Canal.

6. September, 2008. Spirit of Adventure. Venice-Greek Islands-Turkey-Istanbul.

7. August/September, 2009. Spirit of Adventure. France-Portugal-Spain.

8. November/December, 2009. Spirit of Adventure. Cypress-Egypt-Jordan-Red Sea-Oman.

9. January, 2010. Cunard - Queen Mary II. UK-Lisbon-Rome-Egypt-Red Sea-Dubai.

10. April, 2010. Spirit of Adventure. Greece-Tunisia-Sicily-Italy-Sardinia-Corsica-Elba-Monaco-Nice.

11. October/November 2010. Spirit of Adventure. Istanbul-Black Sea-Athens-Malta.

12. November, 2010. Silver Sea - Spirit. Florida-Turks & Caicos-Antigua-St. Barts-St. Kitts-British Virgin Islands.

13. January, 2011. Silver Sea - Spirit. Florida-Columbia-Panama-Costa Rica-Guatemala-Mexico-Los Angeles.

14. April, 2011. ResidenSea – The World. Puerto Rico-Grand Turk-Key West

15. April, 2011. Saga - Ruby. UK-Madeira-La Palma-Gran Canaria-Tenerife-Lanzarote-Morocco-Spain-Portugal-UK.

16. May, 2011. Silversea - Shadow. Anchorage-Valdez-Skagway-Juneau-Sitka-Ketchikan-Vancouver.

17. June, 2011. Silversea - Shadow. Seward-Sitka-Juneau-Skagway-Ketchikan-Vancouver.

18. September, 2011. Saga - Pearl II. UK-Gibraltar-Sardinia-Italy-Corsica-Spain-Portugal-UK.

19. November, 2011. Discovery. Safaga, Egypt-Jeddah, Saudi Arabia-Massawa, Eritrea-Salalah, Oman-Muscat, Oman-Mumbai, India.

20. February, 2012. Regent Seven Seas – Navigator. Miami-Nassau-San Juan-St Thomas-St Barts-Tortola-Cayo Levantado-Grand Turk-Miami.

21. May, 2012. Saga – Sapphire. Southampton-Skagen-Kalundborg-Stockholm-Helsinki-St Petersburg-Tallinn-Warnemunde-Oslo-Dover.

22. September, 2012. Holland America - Westerdam. Vancouver-Astoria-San Diego-Lahaina-Honolulu.

23. October, 2012. Oceania - Nautica. Barcelona-Marseille-Florence-Rome-Amalfi-Taormina-Ephesus-Santorini-Athens.

24. December, 2012. Regent Seven Seas - Mariner. Rio de Janiero-Amazon-Miami.

25. January, 2013. Oceania - Marina. Papeete-Polynesian Islands-Papeete.

26. April 12 to 21, 2013. Holland America – Statendam. Fort Lauderdale, Florida – Bonaire-Curacao-Aruba-Panama Canal-Puerto Caldera, Costa Rica.

27. May 20 to 29, 2013: Oceania – Nautica. Rome-Sorrento-Amalfi-Florence-Corsica-Marseille-Saint-Tropez-Cannes-Monte Carlo.

28. June 18 to 28, 2013. Oceania – Regatta. Seattle-Alaska-Seattle.

29. July 22 to 29, 2013. Oceania – Regatta. Seattle-Alaska-Vancouver.

30. September 7 to 19, 2013. Oceania - Riviera. Venice-Dubrovnik-Corfu-Sicily-Capri-Rome-Florence-Monte Carlo-Marseille-Palma de Mallorca-Barcelona.

31. November 6 to 18, 2013. Oceania – Riviera. Istanbul - Lesbos, Greece – Ephesus, Turkey – Crete – Naples/Pompeii, Italy – Rome – Florence – Monte Carlo – Marseille – Barcelona.

32. November 18 to December 2, 2013. Oceania – Riviera. Barcelona-Tangier-Azores-Bermuda-Miami.

33. December 28, 2013 to January 12, 2014. Celebrity – Eclipse. Ft Lauderdale-Aruba-Curacao-Grenada-Barbados-St. Lucia-Antigua-St Maarten-St Thomas-Ft Lauderdale.

34. April 13 to May 1, 2014. Holland America - Oosterdam. Sydney-New Caledonia-Vanuatu-Fiji-Samoa-Honolulu.

35. May 12 to 23, 2014. Celebrity – Reflection. Rome-Santorini-Istanbul-Ephesus-Mykonos-Athens-Naples-Rome.

36. June 20 to 30, 2014. Oceania – Insignia. Athens-Nauplion-Crete-Kos-Marmaris-Rhodes-Santorini-Ephesus-Mitilini-Istanbul.

37. July 19 to 29, 2014. Oceania – Riviera. Istanbul-Nessebur, Bulgaria-Constanta, Romania-Batumi, Georgia, Trabzon-Sinop-Ephesus, Turkey-Athens.

38. October 2 to 17, 2014. Oceania - Insignia. Southampton-Dublin-Cork-St John’s-Halifax-Portland-Boston-New York.

39. November 13 to 23, 2014. Regent Seven Seas - Navigator. Miami-Nassau-San Juan-St Barts-Antigua-St Lucia-St Maarten-Miami.

40. December 1 to 19, 2014. Princess - Ocean Princess. Rome-Florence-Marseille-Barcelona-Mallorca-Gibraltar-Madeira-Bermuda-Ft Lauderdale.

41. April 8 to 22, 2015. Holland America - Nieuw Amsterdam. Ft Lauderdale-Horta (Portugal)-Gibraltar-Malaga-Alicante (Spain)-Palma de Mallorca-Barcelona.

42. May 9 to 23, 2015. Princess - Caribbean Princess. Southampton-Barcelona-Corsica-Rome-Florence-Genoa-Marseille-Gibraltar-Southampton.

43. July 17 to 29, 2015. Royal Caribbean - Brilliance of the Seas. Harwich-Tallinn-St. Petersburg-Helsinki-Stockholm-Visby-Harwich.

44. August 15 to 29, 2015. Princess - Caribbean Princess. Southampton-Barcelona-Corsica-Rome-Florence-Genoa-Marseille-Gibraltar-Southampton.

45. October 18 to 29, 2015. Holland America - Ryndam. Muscat-Goa-Mangalore-Cochin-Colombo-Penang.

46. October 30 to November 21, 2015. Holland America - Volendam. Darwin, Australia-Komodo Island-Bali-Perth-Albany-Port Lincoln-Adelaide-Penneshaw-Burnie-Melbourne-Eden-Sydney.

47. November 22 to December 6, 2015. Seabourn - Sojourn. Muscat-Mumbai, India-Mangalore-Cochin-Phuket, Thailand.

48. May 14 to 26, 2016. Celebrity – Silhouette. Amsterdam-Warnemunde-Tallinn-St Petersburg-Helsinki-Stockholm-Copenhagen-Amsterdam.

49. October 21 to November 5, 2016. Holland America – Veendam. Ft Lauderdale-Half Moon Cay-Cartegena-Panama Canal-Puerto Caldera-Corinto-Puerto Quetzal-Zihautanejo-Cabo San Lucas-San Diego

50. January 6 to 16, 2017. Viking Star. San Juan, Puerto Rico-Tortola-St Martin-St Kitts-St. Lucia-Barbados-Guadeloupe- Antigua & Barbuda-St Thomas-San Juan, Puerto Rico.

51. January 16 to 26, 2017. Viking Star. San Juan, Puerto Rico-Tortola-St Martin-St Kitts-St. Lucia-Barbados-Guadeloupe- Antigua & Barbuda-St Thomas-San Juan, Puerto Rico.

52. April 30 to May 14, 2017. Viking Sea. Bergen, Norway- Eidfijord-Stavanger-Alborg, Denmark-Copenhagen-Berlin-Gdansk, Poland-Tallinn, Estonia-St Petersburg, Russia-Helsinki, Finland-Stockholm, Sweden.

53. May 20 to 27, 2017. Seabourn Quest. Stockholm-Tallin-St Petersburg-Helsinki-Copenhagen.

54. September 2 to 16, 2017. Seabourn Odyssey. Italy (Venice-Brindisi)-Croatia (Sibenik-Dubrovnik-Primosten) Monetnegro (Kotor)-Greece (Corfu-Lefkada-Gythion-Nafplion-Athens-Monemvasia-Katakolon-Parga).

55. October 13 to 27, 2017. Viking Sea. New York-Bermuda-Antigua-Guadeloupe-St. Lucia-Barbados-Puerto Rico.

56. May 12 to 21, 2018. Viking Star. Athens-Santorini-Olympia-Corfu-Montenegro-Croatia-Slovenia-Venice.

57. May 21 to June 2, 2018. Viking Star. Venice-Split-Dubrovnik-Corfu-Naples-Rome-Florence-Monte Carlo-Toulon-Barcelona.

58. July 14 to 28, 2018. Seabourn Odyssey. Athens-Greek Islands (Rhodes, Crete and others)-Malta-Syracuse, Italy-Athens.

59. September 10 to 26, 2018. Holland America, Maasdam. Fort Lauderdale-Santa Marta, Columbia-San Blas Islands-Panama Canal-Costa Rica-Guayaquil, Ecuador- Callao Peru.

60. October 24 to November 7, 2018. Viking, Sea. New York-Bermuda-Antigua-Guadeloupe-St Kitts-St Martin-Tortola-St Thomas-Puerto Rico.

61. November 30 to December 10, 2018. Holland America Veendam. Fort Lauderdale-Key West-Havana-Cienfuegos-Grand Cayman-Ocho Rios-Half Moon Bay- Fort Lauderdale.

62. April 10 to 28, 2019. Seabourn Sojourn. Singapore-Malaysia-Cambodia-Vietnam-Hong Kong-Taiwan-China.

63. November 6 to 28, 2019. Seabourn Quest. Miami-Panama Canal-Ecuador-Peru-Chile.

WHAT CLIENTS AND PASSENGERS SAY

“No need for anyone else [to lecture]. You are great!” – Entertainment Manager

“We sincerely appreciated the professional presentations you provided for our guests and from their response, they enjoyed them as well. How wonderful it was for me as Cruise Director to hear so many positive comments from our guests”.

“I’m blind but when I heard your talk it was so clear and descriptive, I could imagine everything.” - from gentlemen with a white cane

“I enjoyed all your lectures. They were the highlight of the entire cruise.”

“Thank you for the wonderful lecture this morning. The speaker this afternoon has a hard act to follow.”

"Excellent very interesting presentation."-"We loved your jokes."

“I really enjoy your lectures. Your pictures are amazing”

“Thank you so much for your lectures and the included list. Hoping you will continue giving lectures. You are most interesting.”

“It was a great pleasure to attend your on-ship lecture series…”

“Your talks have been great. We were delighted to find something educational.”

“Your talks are the best part of the whole cruise.”

“That was wonderful. These are exactly the type of talks we were hoping to hear. We look forward to the next one.”

“Thank you so much. That was the most wonderful experience onboard this entire cruise.”

“Your talks have been great. We were delighted to find something educational.”

“Your presentation was outstanding. I learned more in 45 minutes about (our destination) than I did in 10 months getting ready for this cruise.”

“Your talk was extremely interesting; I was just hanging on every word.”

“I’ve really enjoyed your talks. They have been extremely erudite and educational. I have learned a lot.”

“We have been on more than a dozen cruises and you are the best lecturer ever! You are such an excellent speaker.”

The following recent Cruise History has been recorded for this candidate.